Palm oil fractionation and carotene extraction

Suatu kaedah pemisahan yang baru bagi minyak sayur, minyak haiwan dan minyak ikan dan terutamanya bagi minyak kelapa sawit akan diperikan dalam tesis ini. Kaedah ini melibatkan penambahan kepada minyak itu suatu bahantara yang terdiri dari dua pela~ut yang biasa. Semasa pengemparan, olein dan stearin dipisahkan oleh bahantara yang didapati di antara bahagian pepejal dan cecair. Dua belas sistem pelarut atau bahantara yang terdiri daripada suatu gabungan dua daripada lapan pelarut yang biasa, iaitu air, propilena glikol, gliserin, aseton, etanol, n-propanol, isopropanol dan butanon didapati berkesan dalam pemisahan olein-stearin. Bagaimanapun, sistem air-isopropanol telah dikaji dengan lebih lanjut. Proses pemisahan boleh dilaksanakan pada sebarang suhu yang sesuai dan proses ini tidak bersandar kepada kaedah penghabluran minyak itu. Pemisahan minyak kelapa sawit mentah Special Prime Bleached (SPB atau Minyak Kelapa Sawit yang dilunturkan dengan Khusus) pada suhu 16°C dengan menggunakan sistem air-isopropanol menghasilkan suatu pecahan olein yang me~punyai suatu takat awan sebanyak 0 4.8 C. A novel method of fractionation of vegetable, animal and fish oils and in particular palm oil is described. The method involves the a·ddition to the oils a medium made up of two common solvents. On centrifugation the olein and stearin are separated by tne medium in the middle. Twelve solvent systems or media which are made up of a combination of two from eight common solvents viz. water, propylene glycol, glycerine, acetone, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and butanone are found to be effective in olein-stearin separation. However, the water-isopropanol system was studied in great details. The fractionation process can oe carried out at any suitable temperature and is independent of the method of crystal] isation of the oil. Fractionation of the Special Prime Bleached (SPB) crude palm oil at 16°C using the water-isopropanol system, yielded an olein fraction with a cloud point of 4.8°C

Effects of Medium Constituents on Growth and Canthinone Accumulation in Cell Suspension Cultures of Eurycoma longifolia Jack

The effect of various macronutrients, micronutrients and sucrose on growth and canthinone alkaloid production in cell suspension cultures of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) was investigated. The optimum macronutrients and micronutrients content for the high alkaloid production of E. longifolia Jack was different to that found in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The highest amount of alkaloids, 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one and 9-methoxycanthin-6-one, could be obtained from E. longifolia Jack cells cultured in modified MS liquid medium that containing macronutrients: 21.50 mM NH4NO3, 14.25 mM KNO3, 7.50 mM CaCl2•2H2O, 2.50 mM MgSO4•7H2O, 1.45 mM KH2PO4, while content of micronutrients was 0.233 mM FeNa-EDTA, 0.215 mM MnSO4•4H2O and without CuSO4•5H2O. Increased sucrose concentration to 4.00% (w/v) in modified MS liquid medium could increase total of two-alkaloid. The modification of macronutrients and micronutrients concentration based the optimum production of biomass was obtained MSBs medium that producing high biomass but also increasing the production of 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one. The modification of macronutrients or macronutrients and micronutrients based the optimum total of two-alkaloid was obtained MSC and MSD medium that producing low fresh weight but producing the high 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one. Key words: Pasak Bumi, 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one, macronutrients, micronutrients, sucros

Application Of A Flow-Through Triiodide Detector For The Rapid Determination Of Peroxide Value In Edible Oils.

Lipid oxidation constitutes a major quality problem in the processing and storage of fats and oils, and is a major contributor to food deterioration

Preparation of palm oil methyl esters for alkenyl succinic anhydride production

The fractions of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) i.e. crude palm oil methyl esters (CPOME), RBD palm olein methyl esters (RBD Palm Olein ME) and used frying oil methyl esters (UFOME) rich in unsaturated fatty esters were used to prepare alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA). The fractions were obtained via fractional distillation that separated the unsaturated fatty esters from the saturated fatty esters. The fractions with the highest content of unsaturated fatty esters were reacted with maleic anhydride (MA) for 8 hours at 240oC with the MA/FAME ratio of 1.5. The reaction was conducted without catalyst and solvent. The crude alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) obtained was purified by column chromatography. The purified compound was characterised by FTIR

Crab and cockle shells as heterogeneous catalysts in the production of biodiesel

In the present study, the waste crab and cockle shells were utilized as source of calcium oxide to transesterify palm olein into methyl esters (biodiesel). Characterization results revealed that the main component of the shells are calcium carbonate which transformed into calcium oxide upon activated above 700 °C for 2 h. Parametric studies have been investigated and optimal conditions were found to be catalyst amount, 5 wt.% and methanol/oil mass ratio, 0.5:1. The waste catalysts perform equally well as laboratory CaO, thus creating another low-cost catalyst source for producing biodiesel. Reusability results confirmed that the prepared catalyst is able to be reemployed up to five times. Statistical analysis has been performed using a Central Composite Design to evaluate the contribution and performance of the parameters on biodiesel purity

Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Properties of New Schiff Bases N-[4-(4–n-Alkanyloxybenzoyloxy)benzylidene]-4-cyano-, 4-Hydroxy-, Thio-4-Nitroanilines

Abstract: Series of elongated Schiff base esters containing three aromatic rings with hexadecanoyl 2 moiety as one of the terminal carbon chain and various substituents R (R = CN, OH, SH, and NO ) at the other end of molecule have been isolated, and their structures were proposed via physical measurement. The mesomorphic properties of these compounds were investigated via differential scanning calometry and polarizing optical microscopy. The thermal data indicate that all of these compounds exhibit mesomorphic properties except compound with R = SH. Although compounds with 2 R = OH and NO show nematic phases, compound containing cyano substituent are smectogenic in nature

Biodiesel from Adsorbed Waste Oil on Spent Bleaching Clay using CaO as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Oil-laden spent bleaching clay (SBC) is currently under-utilized by dumping it in landfills without any attempt to recover the oil. Therefore, effort has been made to extract the waste oil using different solvents (methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane), and utilize the oil in transesterification reaction. Cleaner oil (free from polar components and least acid content) of 28.2 ± 0.6 wt.%, a significant amount susceptible to be converted to biodiesel, was extracted using non-polar solvent. However, the relatively high free fatty acid content leads to yield loss through saponification under homogeneous base-catalyzed reaction. As such, in the present work, heterogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification has been proposed using CaO. Parametric study has been conducted and the optimal conditions was found to be: methanol/oil mass ratio 0.5:1; catalyst amount 6 wt.%, and reaction temperature of 65°C. The highest purity of 98.6 ± 0.8 % was achieved within 2.5 h. Biodiesel yield under the solid catalyst was quantified as 90.4% as compared to 45.5% and 61.0%, respectively for classical NaOH, and KOH homogeneous catalysts

Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification of Palm Olein Using Waste Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) Shell as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

A recent rise in crab aquaculture activities has intensified the generation of waste shells. In the present study, the waste shells were utilized as a source of calcium oxide to transesterify palm olein into methyl esters (biodiesel). Characterization results revealed that the main component of the shell is calcium carbonate which transformed into calcium oxide when activated above 700 C for 2 h. Parametric studies have been investigated and optimal conditions were found to be methanol/oil mass ratio, 0.5:1; catalyst amount, 5 wt.%; reaction temperature, 65 C; and a stirring rate of 500 rpm. The waste catalyst performs equally well as laboratory CaO, thus creating another low-cost catalyst source for producing biodiesel. Reusability results con�rmed that the prepared catalyst is able to be reemployed up to 11 times. Statistical analysis has been performed using a Central Composite Design to evaluate the contribution and performance of the parameters on biodiesel purity

Catalysts Derived from Waste Sources in the Production of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil

Catalysts fully derived from waste materials in order to make sustainable chemical reactions have been a recent topic of interest. Calcined (900 ◦C, 2 h) calcium oxide (CaO) sourced from waste mud crab shells and cockleshells were mixed in a 1:1 mass ratio to be used for transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) at 5 wt.% catalyst and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 13:1 for 3 h at methanol refluxing temperature to give 98% conversion. Then, boiler ash (BA) from agricultural waste was used to transesterify WCO at 3 wt.% catalyst and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 for 0.5 h at methanol refluxing temperature to give 89% conversion. In order to reduce the reaction time (for CaO-catalyzed reaction) and to increase the conversion (for BA-catalyzed reaction) various amounts of BA were added to 5 wt.% of mixed CaO and optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimized conditions predicted by CCD were found to be 3.39 wt.% boiler ash, with a reaction time of 32.3 min and a conversion of 99.5%. The predicted results agree with the experimental results (3 wt.% boiler ash, reaction time of 30 min with 99% conversion)